Psychodynamic psychotherapy is rooted in the theories of Sigmund Freud and has evolved significantly since its inception.

The therapy approach focuses on the psychological roots of emotional suffering.

It is one of my favourite approaches to modern therapy because it focuses on what I value most: self-reflection, self-examination, and using the relationship between therapist and patient as a window into problematic relationship patterns in the client’s life.

Let’s explore what makes this therapeutic approach so unique. We’ll explore the journey of psychodynamic psychotherapy, from Freud’s initial theories to the modern adaptations that have reshaped its landscape.

Sigmund Freud: The Father of Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist, is best known for founding psychoanalysis. His theory of the unconscious mind and the defence mechanisms of repression laid the groundwork for what would become psychodynamic psychotherapy. Freud’s approach was revolutionary in its focus on the inner workings of the mind and its influence on human behaviour.

In the academic world, Freud is often criticised (rightfully so). The psychological community criticised him for several reasons, including allegations of misogyny, accusations of falsifying data, and the non-scientific nature of his approach.

Criticism of Freud’s Approach

Despite his significant contributions, Freud’s methods have been criticised for lacking scientific rigour. His theories were frequently based on case studies and subjective observations rather than empirical evidence. This lack of scientific method led to theories that were difficult to test or falsify. Freud’s emphasis on sexuality and its role in neuroses, along with the Oedipus complex, has been particularly controversial and seen by many as outdated and overly reductionist.

Misogyny in Freud’s Theories

Critics argue that Freud’s theories frequently reflected the patriarchal and sexist attitudes prevalent during his time. According to his theory of “penis envy,” women feel inferior because they don’t have a penis. However, modern critics think this idea oversimplifies and discriminates against women. Moreover, his understanding of female sexuality is often criticised for being narrow and biased towards men. But it needs to be understood that, in some way, Freud is the product of his time.

Accusations of Falsifying Data

Critics have accused Freud of altering data to support his theories. They argue that he frequently manipulated or chose patient histories that matched his theoretical viewpoints. This criticism is significant because it undermines the trustworthiness and accuracy of his research. Additionally, the reliance on anecdotal case studies and the absence of empirical evidence exacerbate these concerns, raising doubts about his findings’ credibility and scientific rigour.

Despite all these criticisms, Freud has indeed provided the scientific community with much food for thought. His concepts have been elaborated on and formed what we now understand as the psychodynamic approach to psychotherapy.

For those interested in the different approaches to psychotherapy, make sure to read my articles on other therapeutic approaches, as they all have different methods, durations, and beliefs on what causes people to seek therapy.

Diverging from Freud

Carl Jung

Carl Jung, who was initially a close colleague of Freud, developed a different approach to psychology called analytical psychology. In contrast to Freud’s ideas, Jung introduced concepts such as the collective unconscious and archetypes, which expanded the field of psychoanalysis. He highlighted the psychological significance of religious and spiritual experiences and introduced the terms introversion and extraversion, which are now commonly used in psychology.

I love Jung’s theories and his connection to mysticism and the spiritual. Anyone interested in the spiritual realms will eventually come into contact with Jung’s theories.

Other Disciples of Freud

Melanie Klein

Melanie Klein, another critical figure in the development of psychodynamic theory, is best known for her work in child analysis. She extended Freud’s theories, introducing the ‘object relations theory’ concept, which emphasises the importance of early relationships and how these relationships shape the psyche.

Anna Freud

Anna Freud, Sigmund Freud’s daughter, made significant contributions to psychodynamic therapy, especially in child psychoanalysis. Her work focused on the ego and its defence mechanisms, providing a more nuanced understanding of how the mind operates to protect itself from anxiety and stress.

Modern Approaches to Psychodynamic Therapy

Modern psychodynamic therapy has become more flexible and inclusive than Freud’s original formulations. Contemporary practitioners incorporate multiple theories into their practice, including attachment theory and neuroscientific findings. This approach emphasises the therapeutic relationship as a central element in understanding and modifying relational patterns and mental processes. Modern psychodynamic therapy focuses less on sexual drives and more on a broad spectrum of human emotions and experiences.

Psychodynamic Therapy and Self-Understanding

Modern psychodynamic therapy helps individuals understand the unconscious patterns that govern their behaviour, thoughts, and feelings. It helps people understand how experiences influence present behaviour, providing a pathway to understanding and change.

This deeper self-awareness can lead to a more fulfilling life and improved relationships.

In Jung’s words: “Who looks outside, dreams. Who looks inside, awakes”

Book Recommendations

Are you curious about the world of psychodynamic psychotherapy? Then, I invite you to consider the following books, ranging from classic texts to modern interpretations:

1. “The Interpretation of Dreams” by Sigmund Freud is a foundational text for understanding Freud’s theories of the unconscious mind.
2. “Memories, Dreams, Reflections” by Carl Jung – An autobiographical exploration of Jung’s personal and professional development, including his theories of the collective unconscious.
3. “The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence” by Anna Freud – A seminal work in understanding the ego and defence mechanisms.
4. “The Shadow of the Object: Psychoanalysis of the Unthought Known” by Christopher Bollas – A modern take on psychodynamic theory, exploring the concept of the unthought known.
5. “Attachment in Psychotherapy” by David J. Wallin – This book integrates attachment theory with psychodynamic concepts, providing a contemporary perspective on therapy.

Psychodynamic psychotherapy has come a long way from its origins with Sigmund Freud.

While the foundational principles laid by Freud and his disciples such as Carl Jung, Melanie Klein, and Anna Freud remain influential, modern approaches incorporate contemporary psychological research and theory.

Closing Thoughts

The psychodynamic approach to psychotherapy focuses on self-reflection and introspection. It brings to awareness our hidden, neglected, and repressed self. In the spiritual community, we say, our “Shadow Self”. Psychodynamic therapy is, in contrast to cognitive behavioural therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and other approaches, a longterm approach that requires committed action and a willingness to dive deep under the surface of yourself. It can be uncomfortable, but it is perfect for those who want to understand themselves better—their sunny-and-rainy sides.

It is crucial to find a therapist whom you trust, as you’ll find yourself vulnerable at times, and might even be susceptible to accept the interpretations of a therapist that are not accurate. In every case, the therapeutic alliance is so essential, and it doesn’t depend on which therapy intervention you choose for yourself: Ask the therapist questions. Trust your Gut before deciding, as the therapist, arguably more so than the approach, can help you succeed in becoming your very best self.

Some try at Home Goodies

Curious about yourself? While therapy is a guided and professional process, there are also methods that you can try at home. Understand yourself better, every day:

• Self-Reflection: Initially influenced by the psychoanalytic tradition of Freud, self-reflection involves spending time contemplating one’s thoughts, feelings, and motives. This practice can lead to greater self-awareness and insight into personal patterns and behaviours.

Write down your thoughts or dedicate some time to think deeply about WHY you think what you think. There are tons of tools to help you with it. My Personal Favorites are Mindsera, Stoic and Bloom.

• Journaling: Popularised by psychologists like Ira Progoff, journaling is a method of recording thoughts, feelings, and experiences regularly. It provides a private space to process emotions, reflect on experiences, and observe changes over time. Increase your self-awareness and emotional expression through the practice of daily journaling.
• Mindfulness Meditation: Rooted in Buddhist practices and integrated into Western psychotherapy by figures like Jon Kabat-Zinn, mindfulness involves non-judgmentally focusing on the present moment. This practice can help you become more aware of your thoughts and feelings. It will also reduce stress and improve emotional regulation.
• Reading Psychological Literature: Engaging with psychological texts, whether they are self-help books, memoirs, or academic texts, can offer insights into human behaviour and thought processes. Reading expands understanding and provides new perspectives on personal experiences and issues.

Each of these methods helps you think about yourself and be more aware of who you are. It is one of the main focuses in psychodynamic therapy. You can easily use these methods in your daily life to explore your thoughts and actions, and grow as a person. But remember, even though these practices are helpful, they can’t replace professional therapy when dealing with serious psychological issues.